Leaching and Reclamation of Saline and Sodic Soils, Part II: Effect of Environmental and Systematic Factors on Land Leaching Method
Majid
Sharifipour
Assistant Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
author
Abd Ali
Naseri
Scientific Staff Members, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Iran.
author
Abdulrahim
Hooshmand
Scientific Staff Members, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Iran.
author
Alireza
Hassanoghli
Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Karaj, Iran.
author
Hadi
Moazed
Scientific Staff Members, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Iran.
author
text
article
2018
per
Saline irrigated lands are expanding in Iran. Developing irrigation and drainage networks in salt affected soils in south Khuzestan will increase the quantity of saline irrigated lands. Continues and intermittent leaching are the usual methods for reclamation of salt affected soils in arid and semi-arid areas. By intermittent leaching, salts could be diffuse to the outer side of the aggregates in the drainage period and will be leached in the next round of water application. The part one of these series of papers was about the reviewing theoretical and mathematical concepts of salt transports in soil. In this part, applied aspects of salt leaching, considering interruption and water quality will be investigated. Effectiveness of surface and pressurized irrigation methods on salt leaching and their salt distribution patterns, considerations of leaching with saline water, factors which affected intermittent and continues leaching (evaporation, hydraulic conductivity, existence of plants and sodification) and a view to the world and Iran literatures are the main subjects of the paper.
Water Management in Agriculture
Iranian Irrigation and Drainage Association
2476-4531
4
v.
2
no.
2018
1
12
https://wmaj.iaid.ir/article_87607_2f1245a47b5a86c602e167853d068c64.pdf
Climate Change and Its Adaptation Measures for Agriculture
Nader
Heydari
Associate Prof., Iranian Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI); Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
author
text
article
2018
per
Climate change is a reality which is occurring in most of the world countries, e.g. Iran. Increase in Greenhouse gases (mainly CO2), air temperature rise, and variability (mostly decrease) in precipitations are parameters of climate change which will affect greatly crop yield, crop water requirement, and crop production in agricultural sector in future. Therefore study of its impacts on agriculture and also the methods of adaptation to this phenomenon in agriculture, in regard to crop production, water consumption, and food security issues, are crucial. Among the different approaches and measures of adaptation to climate change are changes in crop type and cropping pattern together with breeding of crop cultivars resistance to different environmental stresses (e.g., drought, heat, and salinity) are of important ones. The current paper provides an analytical review of important international and national references on the impacts of climate change on agricultural crops from the heat stress, water requirement, response of crop to atmospheric CO2, and overall crop water use efficiency and production aspects in agriculture. Moreover, some measures and policies on adaptation to climate in agriculture are provided.
Water Management in Agriculture
Iranian Irrigation and Drainage Association
2476-4531
4
v.
2
no.
2018
13
26
https://wmaj.iaid.ir/article_87618_1979100f774773cad65c2a9ccd52ffc2.pdf
Methods of Seepage Estimation in Canals and Evaluation of Seepage and Distribution Efficiency in Doroodzan Irrigation System
Mohammad Ali
Shahrokhnia
Assistant Professor, Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization(AREEO), Shiraz, Iran.
author
Abdulmutallab
Olyan Ghiasi
M.Sc., Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization(AREEO), Shiraz, Iran.
author
text
article
2018
per
Because of limited water resources in Iran, decrease the water seepages and increase the water are necessary. Water productivity and the management conditions of irrigation and drainage systems shows that more attention should be paid to this subject. Doroodzan irrigation and drainage network is one of Iranian modern irrigation and drainage networks. This network irrigates Marvdasht plain fertile farms. There are not enough field studies about seepage losses in the related irrigation canals. In this study the previous experiences on seepage estimation is mentioned. The seepage losses were measured in 12 tertiary irrigation canals located on the four main irrigation districts in Dorooodzan irrigation network. Seepage values were measured using inflow outflow method using a flow velocity meter. The values of seepage and evaporation losses was about 488500 and 335900 cubic meter per day, with and without considering the canals continued to the left and right bank canals. The average distribution efficiency in tertiary and quaternary canals was about 81 percent. About 15 percent of the delivered water in the beginning of the system was wasted in tertiary and quaternary canals due to seepage and evaporation losses. Therefore, it is suggested to use these seepage and distribution efficiency rates to raise the water delivery performance in Doroodzan irrigation system.
Water Management in Agriculture
Iranian Irrigation and Drainage Association
2476-4531
4
v.
2
no.
2018
27
36
https://wmaj.iaid.ir/article_87619_2e11b3eef585cfe6f043df34c18b0cca.pdf
Improvement of Solid Set Sprinkler Irrigation System Performance in Fars Province
Seyed ebrahim
Dehghanian
Research Instructor, Department of Agricultural Engineering Research, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran.
author
Hossein
Dehghanisanij
Associate Professor of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
author
Mohammad Mahdi
Nakhjavanimoghaddam
Assistant professor of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
author
text
article
2018
per
In recent years, due to the rapid growth of solid set sprinkler irrigation system with moving sprinklers, it is necessary to continuously evaluate and monitor the implemented systems and use the results to improve their performance in the country. In this study, the performance of a solid set sprinkler irrigation system was evaluated in the number of farms of Fars province. Based on experimental data, changing the system from surface irrigation to sprinkle irrigation reduced water consumption by 42% in the field products, and increased cropping area in region which were not under water stress. Most of the farms were located in windy areas, and the average wind drift loss was 16%. The Average amount of Christiansen uniformity (CU) was 63%. According to the distribution uniformity values, evaluated systems were classified in the three levels of unacceptable, poor, and as relatively good. The average amount of PELQ was 52% which was at unacceptable level. In general, the weakness in the design, implementation and management of selected systems were the reasons for the low values of measured parameters. Which can be specifically referred to as; irrigation in a windy climate, using of the number of sprinklers more than the design limits, using of two or three sprinklers on each wing, low quality of equipment. Considering the mentioned issues was recommended to improve the performance of irrigation system.
Water Management in Agriculture
Iranian Irrigation and Drainage Association
2476-4531
4
v.
2
no.
2018
37
44
https://wmaj.iaid.ir/article_87620_2c919b1afa999e90c1f1493331af6900.pdf
The Water Market and its Promise for Managing Water Demand
Asghar
Tahmasebi
Assistant Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geography, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
author
fatemah
Askari Bozayeh
Economic, Social and Extension Research Department, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization(AREEO), Rasht, Iran.
author
text
article
2018
per
Existing water governance systems suggest a lot of inefficiencies in managing water scarcity, creating potentially severe risks for many aspects of societies and economies.Water markets are a relatively new and increasingly popular tool for coping with water challenges. They allow the voluntary exchange of water between buyers and sellers. This paper, with the review-analytical approach, introduces the new water management paradigm- demand-driven management - focuses on market-based water demand management, its implications and features, and outlines the potential of this approach to address the challenges of water scarcity. Strengthening and stimulating water saving; increasing access to water; improving community resilience; improving water and allocation efficiency; restoring water to nature; and improving accounting for water usage and availability,are the promises and benefits of a market approach to manage water demand and cope with the scarcity challenges.
Water Management in Agriculture
Iranian Irrigation and Drainage Association
2476-4531
4
v.
2
no.
2018
45
52
https://wmaj.iaid.ir/article_87621_c8a05fa934637655fa1864014ca3195c.pdf
Application of Fine-Grained Particles in Bedding of Water Conveyance Canals to Reduce Seepage Losses in Hamedan-Bahar Plain
Reza
Bahramloo
Asistant Prof. Agricultural Engineering Research Institute Department, Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Hamedan, Iran.
author
text
article
2018
per
Despite the progress made in identifying the various materials that can be used to lining of irrigation canals, a large parts of the country's irrigation canals are still unlined. On the other hand, last researches indicates that in some linings the expected target is not achieved and the amount of water loss in them is not significantly different from unlined canal. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the rate of water seepage losses in different bedsoil textures from the bed of the unlined canals and then, if necessary, linings should be carried out. The rate of water seepage losses in unlined irrigation canals and its relationship with the bedsoil textures in the Bahar plain from Hamedan province have been evaluated. For this purpose 6 unlined irrigation canals were selected. The technical characteristics, geometric dimensions and hydraulic parameters of the water flow were determined and the amount of water seepage losses measured with input-output method, in the early, middle and final stages of the agricultural season. Based on the average results, water seepage losses in selected canals are between 0.88 to 3.84 and averagely 2.38 m3/m2/day. The average seepage losses in the early, middle and final stages of the crop season are 2.61, 2.18 and 2.35 m3/m2/day. The evaporation losses with averaged of 0.01 m3/m2/day(to 0.3 percent of the total losses), were very small compared with seepage losses, and the remaining losses were due to seepage. The relationship between the amount of seepage from the substrate of the studied channels and the percentage of fine particles of the bedding soil (particles with diameter less than 0.75 mm) were extracted and presented as Sloss=5.394*e-0.0299*Fine. According to this relation, if the fine particles of bedsoil of canals increases to 35 present, the water seepage losses from this canal decreases to less than 50 of the present value.
Water Management in Agriculture
Iranian Irrigation and Drainage Association
2476-4531
4
v.
2
no.
2018
53
62
https://wmaj.iaid.ir/article_87622_627cd55be6669fc4c781bd61a4d830fe.pdf
Supplementary Irrigation Management of Echium Amoenum Fisch in Low Land of Gilan Plain
Parisa
Shahinrokhsar
Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Rasht, Iran
author
beitoalah
Amamnzadeh
Forests and Rangelands Research Department, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Rasht, Iran.
author
Marefat
Mostafavy
Horticulture Crops Research Department, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Rasht, Iran.
author
Nader
Abbasi
Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Karaj, Iran.
author
text
article
2018
per
In order to investigate the effect of supplemental irrigation on the yield of Echium Amoenum Fisch, a randomized block design with four replications was conducted during the growing season of 2014-2015 in the research farm of the agricultural and natural resources research center of Gilan. Three irrigation treatments (dryland, one supplementary irrigation (stem elongation stage) and two supplementary irrigation (stem elongation stage and flowering stage) were considered. The results showed that two supplementary irrigation treatments had maximum values in almost all Vegetative traits, while in reproductive traits; supplementary irrigation treatment had higher values. The yield of fresh weight of flowers and dry flower weight were as maximum yield in the treatment of supplementary irrigation. Supplementary irrigation treatment had maximum values in water use efficiency. Therefore, in the conditions of the study area and similar areas, supplementary irrigation has a high potential for both irrigation and yielding water efficiency and can be considered seriously.
Water Management in Agriculture
Iranian Irrigation and Drainage Association
2476-4531
4
v.
2
no.
2018
63
70
https://wmaj.iaid.ir/article_87624_17b67bd074f42933ea741a27f9cf9945.pdf