Water Management in Agriculture

Water Management in Agriculture

The Effect Of Climate Change On Adaptation and Genetic Diversity in Plant Species

Document Type : Review Article

Authors
Mojtaba Goldani 1
seyd fazel fazeli kakhki 2
1 Civil and Environmental Engineering Group, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
2 Associate Professor of Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran.
Abstract
Climate change has had significant effects on the distribution of species, leading to changes in the composition and functioning of biological communities worldwide. Projections indicate that approximately one in six plant species will become extinct by the year 2100. Recent studies on plant and vegetation extinction rates reveal that the rate of extinction is approximately 2.3 species per year, which is significantly higher than the natural rate of extinction. Climate change, particularly in vulnerable regions, plays a significant role in the loss of genetic diversity among species. These vulnerable areas, which comprise only 1.4% of the Earth's surface, are home to 44% of all species. Unlike evolutionary processes that rely on changes in gene expression, climate change increases diversity, which can impact the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. If there is genetic variation in the degree of plasticity, alleles that enhance desirable plasticity can increase in frequency in response to increased climatic variation. This, in turn, enables organisms to better adapt to diverse environmental conditions. The phenotype of plants is a result of the interplay between the environment, physiology, genetic structure, and the ability to alter the phenotype in response to external conditions (i.e., flexibility and phenotypic changes). This flexibility may provide additional opportunities for adaptation to climate change in the future. When climate change induces changes in allele expression, these allelic changes cannot be considered in isolation; they must be assessed within the genetic network and in the context of environmental influences and the existing genetic map that gives rise to the observed phenotype.
Keywords
Climate change
Flexibility
Genotype
phenotype
Species extinction
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