مدیریت آب در کشاورزی

مدیریت آب در کشاورزی

اثر آبیاری قطره‌ای سطحی و زیرسطحی در شرایط حضور سطح ایستابی شور و کم عمق بر توزیع دوبعدی رطوبت و شوری خاک، ویژگی‌های مورفولوژیکی و عملکرد ذرت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران
2 دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران
3 استاد موسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران
4 استاد گروه آبیاری و زهکشی، دانشکده مهندسی آب و محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران
چکیده
بخش کشاورزی در جنوب ایران به خاطر قرار گرفتن در منطقه خشک و نیمه‌خشک با شوری خاک ناشی از حرکت کاپبلاری نمک از سطح ایستابی شور کم‌عمق به سطح خاک و کاهش عملکرد محصول مواجه است. هدف از انجام این پژوهش بررسی اثر روش‌های آبیاری قطره‌ای سطحی (DI) و زیرسطحی (SDI) و حضور سطح ایستابی شور (10 دسی زیمنس بر متر) کم‌عمق 60 و 100 سانتی‌متر بر عملکرد گیاه ذرت (رقم سینگل کراس 703 (SC 703))، بهره‌وری مصرف آب آبیاری و همچنین توزیع رطوبت و شوری نیمرخ خاک در بهار و تابستان سال 1399 بوده است. آزمایش مزرعه‌ای به‌صورت فاکتوریل طرح پایه بلوک کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در لایسمترهای زهکش‌دار پرشده با خاک لومی (جرم مخصوص ظاهری 45/1 گرم بر سانتی‌متر مکعب) انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که در آبیاری زیرسطحی در هر دو تیمار SDI100 و SDI60 تجمع نمک در بالای قطره‌چکان، به‌طور معناداری (در سطح یک درصد) بیشتر از سیستم آبیاری سطحی بوده است. عملکرد ذرت تابستانه بیش از بهاره بود. همچنین در فصل تابستان، آبشویی در منطقه توسعه ریشه در تیمارهای SDI100 و SDI60 سبب افزایش عملکرد گیاه ذرت به ترتیب 25 و 61 درصد و بهره‌وری مصرف آب آبیاری به ترتیب 25 و 58 درصد نسبت به تیمارهای DI100 و DI60 شد. تبخیر در SDI با سطح ایستابی 60 سانتی‌متر، 26 تا 30 درصد و برای سطح ایستابی 100 سانتی‌متر، به مقدار 43 تا 51 درصد کمتر از DI بود. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که SDI بیش از DI در کنترل شوری پروفیل خاک و عملکرد گیاه مؤثر هست.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

The effect of surface and subsurface drip irrigation in the presence of shallow saline water table on the two-dimensional distribution of soil moisture and salinity, morphological characteristics and maize yield

نویسندگان English

Sima Abdoli 1
Ahmad farrokhian 2
Fariborz Abbasi 3
Abd Ali Naseri 4
1 Phd, Student, Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
3 Professor Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
4 Professor, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
چکیده English

In the south of Iran, due to being located in the arid and semi-arid regions, the agricultural sector faces soil salinity resulting from the capillary rise of salt from the shallow saline water table to the soil surface and reducing crop yield. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of surface drip irrigation (DI) and subsurface irrigation (SDI) methods on soil profile moisture and salinity distribution, maize (SC 703) yield, and irrigation water use efficiency in the presence of shallow saline water table (60 and 100 cm), during summer and spring seasons of 2021. A factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in drained lysimeters filled with loamy soil (specific gravity 1.45 g cm-3) in field conditions. The results showed that the accumulation of salt above the dripper in subsurface irrigation method at both SDI100 and SDI60 treatments, was significantly more than the surface irrigation method (p<0.01). The results also revealed that summer maize yield was more than spring maize yield. Furthermore, in the summer season, irrigation in the root development zone in the SDI100 and SDI60 treatments caused an increase in the maize yield by 25 and 61%, respectively, and Water Productivity Index (WP) by 25 and 58%, respectively, in comparison to DI100 and DI60. Evaporation in SDI60 and SDI100 treatments was 26-30% and 43-51% lower than DI60 and DI100 treatments, respectively. The results of this research showed that SDI is more effective than DI in controlling soil profile salinity and plant yield.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Arid and semi-arid regions
Maize (SC 703)
Salinity stress
Subsurface and surface drip irrigation
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