مدیریت آب در کشاورزی

مدیریت آب در کشاورزی

تأثیر تغییر اقلیم بر سازگاری و تنوع ژنتیکی در گونه‌های گیاهی

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان
مجتبی گلدانی 1
سید فاضل فاضلی کاخکی 2
1 گروه عمران و محیط زیست، مهندسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
2 دانشیار آموزشی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران
چکیده
تغییرات اقلیمی تأثیرات چشمگیری بر توزیع گونه‌ها داشته است، به‌طوری‌که ترکیب گونه‌ها و عملکرد جوامع بیولوژیکی در سراسر جهان را تغییر داده است. پیش‌بینی‌ها نشان می‌دهد که تا سال 2100 از هر شش گونه گیاهی یک گونه منقرض می‌شود. تحقیقات اخیر در مورد میزان انقراض گیاهان و پوشش گیاهی نشان می‌دهد که ضریب انقراض تقریباً 3/2 گونه در سال است که خیلی بیشتر از مقدار انقراض طبیعی است. تغییر اقلیم و فشار ناشی از آن در برخی نقاط حساس یک عامل اصلی تنوع ژنتیکی در بین گونه‌ها است. این چنین نقاط حساس تنها 4/1 درصد سطح زمین را در برمی‌گیرد و این سطح در بردارنده 44 درصد تمامی گونه‌ها است. برخلاف تکامل که مستلزم تغییرات در بیان ژن است، تغییرات اقلیمی سبب افزایش تنوع می‌شود که می‌تواند تکامل را در قالب‌پذیری فنوتیپی تحت تأثیر قرار دهد. اگر تنوع در درجه قالب‌پذیری (بیشتر از تنوع در صفت خودش) بر اساس ژنتیکی رخ داده باشد، آلل‌ها می‌توانند قالب‌پذیری مطلوب را همراه با افزایش تنوع اقلیمی افزایش دهند و این به موجود زنده اجازه می‌دهد تا با شرایط متنوع محیط بهتر سازگاری داشته باشد. فنوتیپ گیاه نتیجه برهمکنش محیط، فیزیولوژی، ساختار ژنتیکی و توانایی منحصربه‌فرد آن در تغییر فنوتیپ در پاسخ به شرایط خارجی (انعطاف‌پذیری و تغییرات ویژه) است و ممکن است فرصت‌های بیشتری را برای سازگاری به تغییرات اقلیمی در آینده ارائه دهد. زمانی که تغییر اقلیم سبب ایجاد تکامل در بیان آلل‌ها شود، تغییرات آللی به‌طور مجزا نمی‌تواند عمل نماید و نیاز است در داخل شبکه ژنی و در متن اثرات محیطی و مجموعه نقشه ژنتیکی موجود که سبب ظهور فنوتیپ شده مورد بررسی قرار گیرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
انعطاف‌پذیری
انقراض گونه
تغییر آب‌وهوا
ژنوتیپ
فنوتیپ

عنوان مقاله English

The Effect Of Climate Change On Adaptation and Genetic Diversity in Plant Species

نویسندگان English

Mojtaba Goldani 1
seyd fazel fazeli kakhki 2
1 Civil and Environmental Engineering Group, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
2 Associate Professor of Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran.
چکیده English

Climate change has had significant effects on the distribution of species, leading to changes in the composition and functioning of biological communities worldwide. Projections indicate that approximately one in six plant species will become extinct by the year 2100. Recent studies on plant and vegetation extinction rates reveal that the rate of extinction is approximately 2.3 species per year, which is significantly higher than the natural rate of extinction. Climate change, particularly in vulnerable regions, plays a significant role in the loss of genetic diversity among species. These vulnerable areas, which comprise only 1.4% of the Earth's surface, are home to 44% of all species. Unlike evolutionary processes that rely on changes in gene expression, climate change increases diversity, which can impact the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. If there is genetic variation in the degree of plasticity, alleles that enhance desirable plasticity can increase in frequency in response to increased climatic variation. This, in turn, enables organisms to better adapt to diverse environmental conditions. The phenotype of plants is a result of the interplay between the environment, physiology, genetic structure, and the ability to alter the phenotype in response to external conditions (i.e., flexibility and phenotypic changes). This flexibility may provide additional opportunities for adaptation to climate change in the future. When climate change induces changes in allele expression, these allelic changes cannot be considered in isolation; they must be assessed within the genetic network and in the context of environmental influences and the existing genetic map that gives rise to the observed phenotype.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Climate change
Flexibility
Genotype
phenotype
Species extinction
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